The race is on to build the world’s most complex machine

Few would expect the future of artificial intelligence (AI) to depend on Eindhoven, a quiet Dutch town. Yet just beyond its borders sits the headquarters of ASML, the only company that makes the machines, known as lithography tools, needed to produce cutting-edge AI chips. ASML’s latest creation is a 150-tonne colossus, around the size of two shipping containers and priced at around $350m. It is also the most advanced machine for sale.

Two new reports highlight strengths as well as weaknesses

High-speed electrons can etch nano-scale designs

A new study suggests olive oil may be a healthier alternative

Though Firefly Aerospace has had better luck than Intuitive Machines

And forthcoming mega-constellations will exacerbate the problem

Better batteries, cleaner bioplastics and more powerful semiconductors await